Subject overview
Alternating Current
Calculate and visualize sine, triangle, rectangle and pulse-width-modulated voltage waveforms.
01 Sine
Variables
- uinstantaneous voltage
- Vvolt
- Uppeak voltage
- Vvolt
- Upppeak-to-peak voltage
- Vvolt
- UrmsRMS voltage
- Vvolt
- ffrequency
- Hzhertz
- tcurrent time
- ssecond
- Tperiod
- ssecond
- φphase shift
- radradian
Key Formulas
RMS is the DC-equivalent heating value in a resistor, averaged over one complete period. A DC offset contributes separately to the mean square. The waveform formulas here specify their offset and symmetry.
Ideal sinusoid. Phase is in radians internally. Time ≥ 0, frequency > 0. The chart shows two periods from t = 0.
Calculate
Type prefixes directly: 1.5k, 250m or 20u. Results: 3 significant figures.
Ideal sinusoid. Phase is in radians internally. Time ≥ 0, frequency > 0. The chart shows two periods from t = 0.
Enter the required input values to calculate.
Schematic curve; no numerical scale.
02 Triangle
Variables
- Uppeak voltage
- Vvolt
- Upppeak-to-peak voltage
- Vvolt
- UrmsRMS voltage
- Vvolt
Key Formulas
RMS is the DC-equivalent heating value in a resistor, averaged over one complete period. A DC offset contributes separately to the mean square. The waveform formulas here specify their offset and symmetry.
Symmetric bipolar triangle wave with zero DC offset. Peak is a nonnegative magnitude.
Calculate
Type prefixes directly: 1.5k, 250m or 20u. Results: 3 significant figures.
Symmetric bipolar triangle wave with zero DC offset. Peak is a nonnegative magnitude.
Enter the required input values to calculate.
Schematic curve; no numerical scale.
03 Rectangle
Variables
- Uppeak voltage
- Vvolt
- Upppeak-to-peak voltage
- Vvolt
- UrmsRMS voltage
- Vvolt
Key Formulas
RMS is the DC-equivalent heating value in a resistor, averaged over one complete period. A DC offset contributes separately to the mean square. The waveform formulas here specify their offset and symmetry.
Symmetric bipolar square wave with zero DC offset. Peak is a nonnegative magnitude.
Calculate
Type prefixes directly: 1.5k, 250m or 20u. Results: 3 significant figures.
Symmetric bipolar square wave with zero DC offset. Peak is a nonnegative magnitude.
Enter the required input values to calculate.
Schematic curve; no numerical scale.
04 PWM
Variables
- Uppeak voltage
- Vvolt
- UrmsRMS voltage
- Vvolt
- ffrequency
- Hzhertz
- tonpulse duration
- ssecond
- Tperiod
- ssecond
- dduty cycle
- 1dimensionless
Key Formulas
RMS is the DC-equivalent heating value in a resistor, averaged over one complete period. A DC offset contributes separately to the mean square. The waveform formulas here specify their offset and symmetry.
Unipolar ideal rectangular pulses between 0 and Uₚ. Duty cycle 0 ≤ d ≤ 1 (or 0–100%).
Calculate
Type prefixes directly: 1.5k, 250m or 20u. Results: 3 significant figures.
Unipolar ideal rectangular pulses between 0 and Uₚ. Duty cycle 0 ≤ d ≤ 1 (or 0–100%).
Enter the required input values to calculate.
Schematic curve; no numerical scale.